WEBVTT

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Extraordinary events

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causing great
loss of life damage or hardship.

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Like a flood.

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A tornado,
an airplane crash or an earthquake.

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Awesome reminders
of the terrible power of nature.

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And grim lessons
in mankind's capacity for destruction

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in desperate hours.

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You'll be an eyewitness to some of the
greatest disasters of the last 100 years.

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In this episode,
we contemplate from a safe distance

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the lethal majesty of volcanoes,
one of the planet's

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most destructive,
as well as spectacular natural forces.

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It is estimated

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there are up to 4000 volcanoes on Earth,

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of which annually about 50
are active volcanoes.

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Above sea level,
emitting in their eruptions.

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Millions of tons of dust, ash and gases

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and endangering the lives
and property of millions

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of people.

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Montserrat,

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an Emerald Island in the Caribbean Sea,
described by tourist guidebooks

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as late as the 1990s
as a tropical paradise.

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The beauty of Montserrat must have enchant

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had voyages already in 1493,
when it was discovered

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by Christopher Columbus.

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It was the volcano
that changed the tropical paradise

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into hell on earth.

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Although geologists believed
that the Soufriere Hills volcano

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was inactive on 18th July 1995.

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After four quiet centuries,
this sleeping giant

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suddenly awoke.

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The subsequent huge eruption spewed out

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large volumes of pyroclastic material

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over a radius of 15 kilometers.

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The following apocalypse especially hit
the capital city of Plymouth,

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which will never forget this day.

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Plymouth was buried
in several meters of mud and ash.

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The day changed into night.

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The quiet atmosphere of a town carelessly
bathing in the sun

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just a while beforehand
suddenly changed into the worst nightmare.

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I look

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up and what I saw when I left the trouble
running.

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I run away from the mountain,
going to the.

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Point on which I decide to leave
the island is after

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I have been been over in the hills

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and see the last parabola stick flow

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that make me.

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Two thirds of the population
had to be evacuated, hastily

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leaving their homes,
which most of them never returned to.

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I was living in the buffer zone

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and the zone which they would move

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next if activity
from the volcano increases.

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And right now they have evacuated
as but our original

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quadrant enjoy a memory
and in fact in the north in the name

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a the.

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Because of the volcano

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the number of Monserrat inhabitants
fell from 12000

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to 4500 people.

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However, none

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of the people who refused to leave
their beloved Caribbean island.

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Knew that the fury of the volcano
was not over.

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Almost two years later, on 15th June 1997,

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a new explosion shook the volcano

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with a subsequent outburst of magma

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flows of lava
literally eight into the hill on its way.

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And again, a massive mudflows
covered the capital Plymouth

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and surrounding villages.

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Frightened people watched as lava
flowing down the volcano slopes.

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Flattened villages and burned houses.

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On that day,

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Soufriere Hills claimed 19 lives.

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Burning them alive in hot lava.

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At the time of the disaster,
the victims were in the forbidden area

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where they had fields and homes
which they refused to leave.

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They took the risk
and were unlucky, which cost them

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their lives.

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Further

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eruptions
reinforced the flows of hot lava,

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which gradually buried
the lively town of Plymouth

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on the shore.

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The formerly

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vibrant and easygoing town now witnessed

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apocalyptic scenes of destroyed streets

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covered in endless gray

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pools

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and volcanic eruptions
still occasionally occur.

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The inhabitants of the island
hope that the worst is over.

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Iceland is known

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as the land of ice and Fire.

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The icy white landscape evokes

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a sense of purity and innocence,

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as if from time to time
it had to be stained with ash

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coming from volcanic eruptions

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in the territory of Iceland.

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There are 30 active volcanic systems.

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Iceland

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is located
at the top of the mid-Atlantic ridge,

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where two different tectonic plates meet.

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This contributes to the very intense

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volcanic and seismic activity in Iceland,

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which is not to be
found anywhere else on earth.

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The eruption

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of 1973, which took place on Hema
Island, is believed to be

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one of the world's worst
natural disasters of the 20th

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century.

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On 21st January 1973, around 8 p.m.,

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the island was shaken by several small,
almost imperceptible shocks.

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Despite this,
nobody expected a catastrophe,

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the extent of which was to come.

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Does this volcano come
as a complete surprise to you,

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or did you have any warning?

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There was no warning whatsoever

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until 10:00 yesterday evening,
which was the earthquake.

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You know. Yes.

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How much danger do you think this eruption
represents to the country?

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The island and its livelihood.

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Is quite difficult to say.

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It depends on the volume of lava produced
and the wind direction.

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So there is a possibility
that it won't be very dangerous.

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But yes, I think so, actually.

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At 2 a.m.

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on 23rd January 1973,

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a new crack appeared in the Eastern side
of the volcano, Elderfield,

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whose name means mountain of fire

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in Icelandic.

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It was less than a kilometer away
from the center of he May city,

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whose citizens were
caught absolutely unprepared.

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Red hot lava

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started to flow from the crack
at appalling speed.

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Volcanic dust fell on the roofs of houses.

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The frightened citizens of the island
were woken by police sirens

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and evacuated to safety off the island.

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They were lucky.

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They were all successfully evacuated
in time

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as there had been a strong storm
around the island the previous day.

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Most of the fishing boats
had stayed in the harbor.

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They were used to save lives.

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Older and helpless
people were transported by air.

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Others on the boats,

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they watched as streams of lava flows

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through the streets of their town,
destroying their houses and property,

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ruining belongings.

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The catastrophe changed the lives

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of all 5000 inhabitants of the island
for ever.

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Many have never returned
for fear of further eruptions,

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and others have had to start
life again from scratch.

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Recently we were again

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reminded of the power
and presence of Icelandic volcanoes.

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The volcanic eruption of Asiatica

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Yoplait in 2010 resulted in a vast
volcanic

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ash cloud which blocked air travel
throughout Europe.

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Today, most of the UK
remains covered by the ash cloud eruption.

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It may stop tomorrow, but it may continue

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to disrupt
air traffic for weeks or months.

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We do not know anything.
We do not know how to get home.

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We don't know how to get any informations
about what to do.

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And we do not have anywhere to stay.

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The explosive activity might drop down for
a period of time, but then we will have

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to make an extensive period of months

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to even use intermittent
explosive eruptions.

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Of air to put us up for a
few nights and give us food.

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Put us on today's flight to those flights
canceled.

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And others say not going to give us
any more accommodation

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or any food.

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It was not a strong eruption.

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But according to seismologists,
another eruption of similar scope is just.

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A matter of time.

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Volcanic eruptions have always fascinated

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and terrified people.

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These natural giant fireworks

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emit streams of bubbling,
boiling lava, traveling

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at speeds of up to 165 meters per second

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as the lava spreads out
in a breathtaking show.

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It can cause destruction, death and do.

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This flaming, bubbling hill
turns into vast streams.

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A lethal mixture of volcanic ash,
solid lava, mud and water,

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which sweeps down
the mountain slopes like an unstoppable

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river.

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How and where volcanoes born?

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They begin life at a depth of between 80
to 220 kilometers

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below the Earth's surface, in a place
known as the Asthenosphere.

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The stratosphere is actually
a vicious mantle of the earth,

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which allows for the movement
of the Earth's lithospheric plates.

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Without

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the asthenosphere,
the plates would not be able to move,

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and the renewal of the Earth's crust
would not be possible.

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Where the plates touch each other, slide
past one another,

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move under or over one another.

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This is where the Earth's crust
is so broken

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that magma can find its way
up to the surface.

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This is how a volcanic crater develops.

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Indonesia

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has been seen as symbolic
of volcanic disasters

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ever since the eruption of the legendary
Krakatoa volcano

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in 1883.

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This land, like Iceland,

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is referred to as the land of volcanoes
and lies in the Sunda Strait,

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where there is frequent
stromboli and activity.

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Every now and then some of them erupt,

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causing a local disaster.

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The same applies to Merapi volcano,

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literally meaning Fire Mountain
in the local language.

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These arguably Indonesia's
most dangerous volcano

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with a history of deadly eruptions.

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The volcano is frequently active,

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with eruptive episodes
occurring every few years, posing a threat

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to more than 1 million people
living on the slopes of the volcano.

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Like anyone,

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this type of activity has occurred
frequently in past years.

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Usually lasting for a few weeks or months.

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Each time.

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Travel to get around the.

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On 26th October 2010,

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Merapi violently erupted, spewing
flows of hot rock and gas

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kilometers away from the summit
and devastating the surrounding

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area.

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The huge explosion
caused a collapse of its lava dome

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and red hot clouds of ash
rolled down the slopes of the mountains,

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burning everything
that stood in their way.

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They devastated tens of villages
and all the fertile fields

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on the slopes.

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Further explosions

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continued daily for approximately
two weeks before activity

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started to decrease
in the middle of November.

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Like in 94, it was a total collapse.

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And the seismicity
and also the deformation.

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There was no signal.

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At the peak of activity on November five.

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Pyroclastic flows
traveled 16 kilometers from the summit,

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destroying everything in their path.

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During the 2010 Eruptive episode,

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more than 300 people were killed,
making this most recent eruption

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of the greatest volcanic disaster in

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at least

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over 300,000
people who were evacuated from their homes

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within a 20 kilometer
radius of the volcano and moved

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to temporary shelters
in safer areas away from the fiery

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reaches of the volcano.

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Locking up all that in Rapid

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Fire.

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We got this assignment,
but don't move. She

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re over the moon.

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Had a number of things to do via the

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house.

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And now

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Skillman dug a

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double, now down.

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Oh, my.

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Yelling at the top target
that is in there.

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And I'm not some of my new life.

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Thanks to the detailed
geological monitoring and timely warnings

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by the Indonesian center of volcanology
and the resulting rapid evacuations.

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It is estimated that 10 to 20000 lives

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were saved

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all time.

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That prompted two different

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Tour de France activity

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one eruption, explosion
and one stop collapse.

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Both are certainties.

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So what does the future hold for Merapi

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and the people living on its hazardous
slopes?

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Scientists
face a challenge to unravel the driving

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forces behind McAfee's activity.

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Past eruptions
hold the key to future eruptive styles.

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So unlocking the secrets
of what lies behind Merapi activity

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will help volcanologists
to prevent further catastrophes

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occurring.

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The devastating explosions
accompanying volcanic eruptions

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can completely destroy prosperous
ecosystems and whole civilizations.

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One such volcano is Mount Nyiragongo.

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Elevation 3470 meters in wartorn Congo,

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whose last eruption
occurred in January 2002.

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In that eruption,

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lava appeared on the surface directly
at the edge of Goma city in Munich,

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where it started to flow out of the earth
and cut the city into.

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Many people

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had no place to flee and suffocated.

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Lava streams got as far as Lake Kivu.

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The number of victims reached about 100.

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Thousands of people lost their homes.

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But what is I about?

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Everything.

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They've lost everything.

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Even for those houses
of which they're still standing.

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But they've lost their roofs.

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Their rooftops. And they've lost.

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They've lost their belongings.

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Yes, they've lost everything.

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My job is to go longer myself.

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How come they never come to my home?

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But you need to have a strong economy to
get the people who are my soulmate. Even

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now. Can you see the end result?

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I could call justice centers on the idea

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what's happening in Tokyo
and then in my house.

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They still don't know what they know,
what they can do.

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Now, I don't know why
my family was going now.

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I tried to see someone
if they confirmed to him.

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You don't go.

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Congo is one of the most active
volcanoes on earth.

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It is unique for its lava crater,
lake and highly liquid lava,

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which you cannot escape from.

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Experts warn
that if Nyiragongo shows its true power,

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Goma city, with its 1 million inhabitants,

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will become a contempt free Pompeii,
another threat

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with potentially inconceivable
consequences.

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Is Yellowstone National Park in the USA?

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The National Park is located
on a supervolcano.

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Yellowstone is the super volcanoes
caldera, under

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which there is the largest
magma chamber in the world.

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It's never possible to predict a volcano.

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If you say the volcano
will erupt in three years or in 25 years.

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We cannot tell the future.

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We can only monitor the present.

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With the hottest possible valley region.

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It could mean I see my roots,
see only the unique event surely it poses.

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And I believe 50 catastrophes globally.

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Body of ground, the bathymetry.

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According to scientists, the likelihood

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of the supervolcano
erupting is 5 to 10 times higher

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than the likelihood of earth
being hit by an asteroid or.

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We can only hope that neither we
nor our descendants will experience

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the eruption of the super volcano,
which would bring death to hundreds

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of thousands of people
and horrible consequences to cope with

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for millions of people,
not only in America,

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but worldwide.

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These are volcanoes, time bombs,
where it is actually just a question

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of time before an eruption of devastating
extent will occur.

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00:26:00.080 --> 00:26:04.400
And what's more, we know, well,
that man cannot fight against nature,

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but must learn to live with it. And.