WEBVTT

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The sky above is studded

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with stars and countless galaxies

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in them.

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We can read not only our origin,
but also our final destination.

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The first phase of our journey
is complete.

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We are ready to undertake the second

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with robotics, advanced
technologies and sheer daring.

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We are now going to places that before
we only dreamt

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we might ever reach

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here.

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It was here at Fenham Monday

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on the Baltic Coast, where the opening
shots of the space race were fired.

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Not an auspicious occasion.

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The backdrop to this extraordinary
effort was World War II.

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The chief engineer did matter, however.

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The rocket functioned perfectly.

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It just hit the wrong planet.

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Time and tide have changed that frontier.

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No science and commercial imperatives
lead the way.

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Our push into the new frontier
is now genuine and humane,

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guided by science
and the hunger for discovery.

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Soon it will be underpinned
by the commercial realities of

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tourism and mining.

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Research
and engineering advances are ongoing.

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New communications
and sensing technologies.

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New space systems
for advanced aerobraking.

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New materials and manufacturing processes

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for new spacecraft

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and safer launch systems

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all in squarely

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at a return to the Moon.

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Then on to Mars for a long term.

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Stay.

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The human flight component
would like to see an experiment

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where resources on the surface of Mars
from the rocks within the atmosphere,

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could be used to generate fuel
or other parts

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that would enable future exploration.

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In cutting the tie, so to speak, to her.

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So you wouldn't necessarily
have to bring everything with you.

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You can actually manufacture it
on the planet.

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And that's a really exciting
additional component that we've been

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exploring or analyzing in this work.

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This will extend our reach

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even further with planned excursions
to the asteroids and comets

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giving us access
to even greater resources.

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At the same time,
it would help us protect Earth

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from wayward objects,
posing a threat to our planet.

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Then there is the challenge of the greater
solar system

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visiting the outer planets
and their moons.

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Jupiter's Europa.

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Callisto Ganymede, which

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or Saturn's insulators

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a potential life harboring location

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or cloud covered Titan

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which holds vast hydrocarbon resources.

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Then the great interstellar voyages
to other stars

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and other planets

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like HD 189733ba gas giant

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or at least a 1 to 1 for be a Waterworld

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or even Kepler 186fa

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nearby earth like planets.

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Our first stop in this journey

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takes us into orbit where we can continue
to look down at the world's

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changing environment and study the planet

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we call home.

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We humans are mere passengers on board
this vessel called Earth.

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We cannot control the direction
she takes, how fast she spins.

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But we can influence how complex
and dynamic ecological climate engine

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to study this machine that sustains us.

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Scientists have used satellites
as one of their primary tools.

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Of the 6600 satellites launched so far,

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some 3600 remain in orbit,

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with only a thousand still operational.

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There are two main sorts of satellites
that we use for weather forecasting.

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The first thought is
the geostationary satellites.

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Now these geostationary satellites
are launched into orbit

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at 36,000 kilometers
above the Earth's surface.

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And at this height,

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they orbit the Earth precisely
once per day and illustrated by this.

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The Earth rotates around its axis
in a 24 hour basis,

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and at the same time
the satellite orbits the earth.

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So it always stays over
the same point of the Earth.

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In this way,
it takes an image of the earth.

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Now, with our MSG series every 15 minutes
and it can provide

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very high,
rapid update cycles from that data.

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The other

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main sort of weather satellites we have
are the polar orbiters.

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Now, these orbit the earth at a much lower
altitude, about 800 kilometers,

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and they orbit over
pretty much over the north and South Pole

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in what we call a sun synchronous orbit.

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Now, because they're much lower down,
the able to provide us

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with a much more detailed
view of the earth and the atmosphere.

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The complexity of the Earth climate
model is due to a range of variable inputs

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from solar radiation, solar winds,
magnetic fields, gravity, thermal

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absorption to water temperature
and salinity, ice and cloud coverage,

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carbon dioxide and other trace gases
in the atmosphere to name just a few.

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The first order of business has been to

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monitor our weather.

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Maximum scientific

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value comes from long term data gathering.

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It has to be reliable,
continuous and uninterrupted.

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To this end, EMC and units have launched
their latest satellite

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meter b

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network.

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B's particularly important
to provide continuity of this data.

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This data has the largest single impact

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into the weather forecasting system.

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So it's very important
that we maintain this capability.

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And for climate's purposes,
it's very important

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that we maintain a continuous record
in time.

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Apart from accurate weather data,
it also carries

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a go more global ozone
monitoring experiment.

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It monitors ozone
concentrations in the polar regions.

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This is an instrument that measures
in the ultraviolet and visible

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part of the spectrum to retrieve
information on the ozone structure

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within the atmosphere,
which is particularly important

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for understanding the recovery
of the ozone hole, and also it's

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now used within weather
forecasting itself.

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Weather
forecasting is important for everybody

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because weather impacts
large amounts of society.

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Economic aspects.

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It impacts everyday life.

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Satellites improve weather forecasting.

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So improved forecasting enables us
to provide earlier warnings.

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Better warnings give us more time to warn.

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There is now a concerted and

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coordinated effort
by the major space agencies, Nasser, etc.

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and JAXA, along with their international
partners, to launch a series of next

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generation Earth observation satellites,
each with specific instrumentation

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to address the many variables
making up our climate.

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Joint partners
Nasser and the Japanese Space Agency

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have launched an international satellite
mission, GPM.

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The Global Precipitation Measurement
Mission will set a new

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standard of observation of rain
and snow worldwide.

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GPM consists of a core satellite
with eight constellation satellites

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with precipitation radar
and a microwave radiometer.

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The system will collect global data
every 3 hours.

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The GMI produces
a critical reference standard

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which unifies all the member satellites
of the GPM constellation.

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The instrument has 13 channels
and this crater sensitive city

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allows GPM to measure a greater variety
of precipitation type and intensity.

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Each channel has a frequency

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range that can detect a different type
of precipitation.

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Scientific algorithms
then translate the GMA's brightness

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temperature data into more meaningful
products, such as rain rates

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because GPM coverage extends
beyond the tropics.

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Measuring storms
like these in the mid and high latitudes

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will improve and expand
the global view of precipitation.

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Conducted with the National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Agency

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and the space agencies of France, India
and China.

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The GPM mission
data will advance our understanding

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of the water and energy cycles
and extend the use of precipitation data

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to directly benefit society.

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Two major components of Earth's
climate system

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are the water cycle and ocean circulation.

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The joint U.S.

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Argentinean Aquarius satellite today
applications scientific US mission

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can map the salinity or the concentration
of dissolved salt at the ocean's surface

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by measuring ocean salinity from space.

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Aquarius will provide new insights
into how the massive natural

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exchange of freshwater
between the ocean atmosphere and sea

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ice influences ocean circulation, weather

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and climate.

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One of the oldest and most venerable
satellite

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missions to date is Landsat A.R.

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and US Geological Society
Project began in 1972

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with the launch of the first Landsat
satellite.

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It is the longest running contiguous
Earth imaging program.

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The eighth of the series
is currently in orbit.

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It orbits over the north and south

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poles, taking imagery on the sunlit
side of the earth.

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Every time it passes.

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The Landsat eight satellite
makes 14 orbits per day and covers

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the entire globe every 16 days.

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The data from the Landsat data
continuity mission will be

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the best data that have ever been
collected from a Landsat satellite.

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With increasing population

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land use changing at a rates
unprecedented in human history

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to manage and cope with these changes,
we need to have the observations

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and the information,
the data that allow us to understand

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what's going on on the surface of the
earth, where most of us live.

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The data collected
over 40 years of the Earth's surface

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has created an historic archive
unmatched in quality detail and coverage.

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Landsat archive that contains all the U.S.

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health data from all of the Landsat
satellites and the LDC.

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M data will become part of that archive.

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The Landsat program offers free to anyone
the longest global record

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of the Earth's surface,
and it will continue to deliver visually

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stunning and scientifically valuable
images of our planet.

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However,

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the Earth's surface
is predominantly water.

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Measuring the topography of the oceans
is another challenge altogether.

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Begun by the tropics Poseidon satellite,
a joint effort of NASA and France's

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international d'études speziale
and continued by the jason one satellite.

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Their latest commissioners, jason two

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continuing to provide
a long term survey of earth's oceans.

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It measures
changes in the height of the sea surface.

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These are used to understand shifts in
ocean currents as well as sea level rise.

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Both critical parts of global
climate change.

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The data is used around the world
to improve weather, climate and ocean

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forecasts.

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Another ocean
going measurement is the speed

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and direction of the winds.

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The sea wind's scatter
ometer is a specialized

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microwave radar that measures near surface
wind.

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The scatter ometer estimates
wind speed and direction

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over the Earth's oceans at ten meters
above the surface of the water.

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The instrument collects
data over ocean, land and ice

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in a continuous 800 kilometer wide band,

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making approximately 400,000 measurements
and covering 90% of Earth's surface

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in one day.

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Earlier, satellites could only image
the uppermost layers of clouds clouds.

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That was among the first satellites
to study clouds on a global basis.

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It looked

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at their structure, composition
and effects.

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The key observations are the vertical
profiles of clouds, liquid water

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and ice, water contents and related cloud,
physical and radiative properties.

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Clouds that flies in tight formation
with the Calypso satellite

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carrying a backscatter lidar
and these two satellites follow

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behind the Aqua Satellite
in a somewhat looser formation.

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When we started with airs on background,

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we had two goals
defined to us before the mission started.

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One Provide data to the nations Weather

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Forecasting Center, which is NOA,
and improve weather forecasting.

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So that was the first goal achieved

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and we, the science team, felt good.

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The second goal was improve
our understanding of the climate system.

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The water vapor.

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That is the main mechanism

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by which weather and climate
is formed here on Earth.

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The combination

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of data from the three satellite provides
a rich source of information that can be

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used to assess the role of clouds
in both weather

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and climate.

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The European Space Agency's
Earth Explorer program

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has seen several high tech satellites
play their part in our understanding

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of the global climate.

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We have launched three missions,
meanwhile, with fantastic results.

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And very innovative.

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Technology.

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CMOs, the soil, moisture
and salinity satellite

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observed
soil moisture over the land and salinity

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in the oceans.

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Cryosat.

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The ice mission measured
the thickness of the massive ice

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sheets over Greenland and Antarctica
and the marine ice in the Arctic.

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It used a sophisticated stereo radar
system and has helped give us a better

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understanding of the relationship
between ICE and global warming.

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Goce measured Earth's gravity field
with unprecedented accuracy.

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A guide model is crucial for deriving
accurate measurements of ocean circulation

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and sea level change, both of
which are affected by climate change.

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This data revealed the earth to be lumpy
and quite variable across the planet.

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It has led to a new map of the boundary
between the Earth's crust and mantle.

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Another piece in the climate puzzle
and a critical one

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is the Earth's magnetic field.

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The surf magnetic field is our lifesaver.

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There is no doubt about this.

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This shield is basically protecting us
from the harmful effects

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of the solar, wind,

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these high energy particles that the sun
is constantly bombarding us with.

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And this shield is really essential for us
and for our protection.

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The main magnetic field of the earth
is changing in time, and it is weakening

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by a factor of, let's say, ten, 15%
or so over the last 200 years.

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And what's actually going on in the outer

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core of the planet
is what we really try to find up.

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The magnetometer package on board swarm.

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It measures the magnitude and also the
direction of the Earth's magnetic field,

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and it does so in two locations.

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One, it has an instrument
at the tip of the boom

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and also another instrument
halfway down the boom.

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And together
they give all this precise information

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that we needed to decipher the secrets
of the Earth's

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magnetic field.

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ISA is now developing

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a new family of missions called Sentinels
as part of their Copernicus program.

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It is not sufficient

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to monitor the evolution of the ice cap

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or to monitor the sea level rise
during five years and then stop.

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We really need to monitor all those things
over a very long time period.

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And this is what Copernicus will bring.

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It will bring a long term frame

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for continuous
monitoring of our environment.

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Sentinel One is the first of a
two satellite mission

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that will scan land and oceans
using advanced radar to deliver imagery.

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Regardless of whether.

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Copernicus is the most ambitious

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Earth observation program to date,

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the European Space Agency is
putting together six families of sentinels

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that will take care of the objectives
of the Copernicus program.

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Monitoring the land,
the marine environment, the atmosphere,

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climate change,
and providing a fast response

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to security and emergencies.

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In total,
there will be six Sentinel missions,

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each pair of satellites
devoted to specific observations.

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Each sentinel as a specific duty.

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Sentinel one is more specifically tailored
to emergency response.

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Sentinel
two is focused on monitoring of the land.

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Sentinel three, together
with Sentinel six,

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is focused on the monitoring of the ocean
and waters.

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Sentinel four Together with Sentinel five,
especially tailor

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to the monitoring of the atmosphere.

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The International Space Station
is also host to several

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climate sensors.

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Currently, the cancer cloud aerosol
transport system is mounted on

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the Japanese experiment module using light
detection and arranging LIDAR system.

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It detects and measures pollution, dust,

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smoke
and other aerosols in the atmosphere.

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Nasser will be installing
another instrument, the rapid scat,

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onto the end of the station's
Columbus module this year.

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It will measure ocean surface
wind speed and direction

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and help improve
forecasting and hurricane warnings.

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The orbiting Carbon Observatory was NASA's

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first satellite dedicated to the tracking
of carbon in the atmosphere.

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How it is reabsorbed into the biomass
and where.

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Unfortunately, a launch failure has caused

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the reschedule of the project.

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But we need the.

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Measurements that spacecraft like OCO
will make in order to understand

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the processes
controlling the rate of buildup of carbon

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dioxide in our atmosphere

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so that we can understand
how it will change in the future.

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Other projects in motion
include the Atmospheric

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Dynamics Mission
Aeolus, with its high power UV laser,

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which will measure wind speed,
air moisture and dust particles

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to advance our understanding
of atmospheric dynamics.

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Health care will study
how the earth reflects and traps heat.

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Biomass will study
the state of the Earth's forests.

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NASA's Clarion Satellite will measure
incidents

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solar irradiance
and the Earth energy budget

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smart, the soil moisture active,
passive is an Earth satellite mission

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designed to measure and mat earth's soil
moisture and freeze thaw state

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to better understand
terrestrial water, carbon

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and energy cycles.

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The suite of satellites now in orbit
and planned for the near future

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will be able to peer beneath the clouds,
vegetation and other surface features,

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monitor water, salinity, temperature
and energy fluxes,

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chart ocean currents
and the change in ice caps.

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All this data is helping to improve
our understanding of climate change

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and also helping in a practical sense
with flood and drought monitoring.

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Hurricane and cyclone warnings.

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Understanding changes in water available.

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Food production.

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And the other societal impacts of climate

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change.